Sugar supplement may harbour cure for immune diseases

From our ANI Correspondent

London, June 8: University of California, Irvine researchers have found that a sugar supplement may help treat the overactive immune cells that are responsible for autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and type 1 diabetes, and stop them attacking the body's tissues.

Lead researcher Michael Demetriou says that their finding is based on a study of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)-a compound similar to glucosamine, a dietary supplement taken by people with osteoarthritis that is known to have some immunosuppressive effects.

Autoimmune diseases are triggered when receptors on the outside of immune cells called T-helper 1 (Th1) cells start binding "self" antigens rather than pieces of foreign invaders. Anything that decreases the amount of binding should suppress the autoimmune response.

The researchers found that naturally occurring GlcNAc molecules attach to T-cell receptors and these GlcNAc "branches" form a lattice on the cell surface that prevents the receptors from clustering near where the antigens are located. They say that less clustering means less antigen binding, and less activation of Th1 cells, reducing the autoimmune reaction.

During the study, Mice given oral GlcNAc supplements were seen to have twice as much GlcNAc branching on their T-cell receptors as untreated mice. It was also found that T-cells engineered to cause the mouse equivalent of MS failed to do so if they had been incubated in GlcNAc first.

A daily oral dose of GlcNAc also prevented type 1 diabetes in mice genetically engineered to develop the disease.

"T-cells engineered to cause the mouse equivalent of multiple sclerosis failed to do so if they had been incubated in GlcNAc. I'm astounded by their outcomes," the New Scientist quoted Nick Giannoukakis, a pathologist at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine in Pennsylvania, as saying.

The researchers, however, warn that still there is need for evidence that glucosamine can reverse symptoms in animals with autoimmune diseases, rather than just preventing them from occurring in the first place. They say that more research is needed to prove the safety of glucosamine and GlcNAc supplements in humans with autoimmune disease.


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The Immune Response Corporation injects first patient in Trial of NeuroVaxä for treatment of Multiple Sclerosis

Investigational Immune Based Therapy Could Provide New Hope to the 2.5 Million Patients Who Suffer from MS

CARLSBAD, CA - March 7, 2007 - The Immune Response Corporation (OTCBB: IMRP) today announced the injection of the first patient in a large multi-center Phase II study of NeuroVax™, an investigational T-Cell Receptor peptide vaccine for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). NeuroVax™ may represent a significant advance in the treatment of MS, which affects more than 2.5 million people worldwide, including more than 400,000 in the United States.

“We are pleased to initiate this important trial,” said Dr. Joseph O’Neill, President and CEO of The Immune Response Corporation. “This study will allow us to examine the potential of NeuroVax™ to help patients with multiple sclerosis, to better understand our platform technology in autoimmune diseases, and position our MS program for a strong commercial partnership.”

In MS, a specific subset of a patient’s own white blood cells, pathogenic T-cells, attack myelin, a fatty tissue in the central nervous system, which surrounds and protects nerve fibers. This pathologic process creates multiple areas of inflammation that ultimately lead to scarring (sclerosis) and that interfere with normal transmission of nerve impulses. This nerve damage, in turn, leads to a variety of chronic and often debilitating neurological symptoms, ranging from serious movement and balance problems to vision impairment.

NeuroVax™, which is based on the Company’s patented T-cell receptor (TCR) peptide vaccine technology, has shown potential clinical value in the treatment of relapsing forms of MS. NeuroVax™ has been shown to stimulate strong, disease-specific cell-mediated immunity in nearly all treated patients. NeuroVax™ appears to work by enhancing levels of FOXP3+ regulatory T-cells (Treg cells) which may help regulate expression of pathogenic T-cells in MS patients. Previous clinical trials conducted by the Company and other independent researchers have associated diminished levels of FOXP3+ Treg cell responses with the pathogenesis and progression of MS and other autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis and Crohn’s disease. In addition to MS, the Company has proprietary technology and prior clinical experience for evaluation of TCR peptide-based immune-based therapies for RA and psoriasis.

“By restoring FOXP3+ Regulatory T-cell functions to levels seen in healthy individuals, NeuroVax™ may offer a new and highly targeted mechanism to control pathogenic T-cell activity and limit or prevent nerve tissue damage in MS patients,” said Dr. O’Neill. “Additionally, NeuroVax™’s once-a-month dosing, attractive side effect profile and ease of manufacture could benefit the millions of MS patients in need of effective and more tolerable treatment options.”

The goal of The Immune Response Corporation’s research program is to develop safe effective and affordable therapies for patients suffering from devastating diseases. The Company’s investigational vaccines for MS and other autoimmune diseases, as well as for treatment of HIV, are highly targeted, potentially less toxic medicines that seek to harness the body’s own defenses to control and possibly prevent disease. This approach may prove valuable in the discovery of novel immune-based therapies for a host of autoimmune and infectious diseases.

About the Study

This trial is a multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled 48-week study to assess the safety and efficacy of NeuroVax™. Two hundred subjects with relapsing-remitting MS, with an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of ≤ 5.5 and meeting all inclusion/exclusion criteria, will be enrolled in the study in several Central and Eastern European countries. The first trial patient was injected at a study site in Bulgaria and regulatory approval to begin enrolling has been obtained in Slovakia. Enrollment will continue in other countries as pending regulatory approvals to initiate the trial are approved.

The primary clinical endpoint of the study is to compare the cumulative number of new gadolinium enhancing lesions, a key marker of MS disease activity, using MRI scans at 24, 32, 40, and 48 weeks. Secondary objectives include additional MRI measurements, analysis of clinical relapses, measures of neurologic disability, immunologic evaluations, and safety.

Study participants will be randomized equally to receive NeuroVax ™ (100 micrograms/mL of each of three selected TCR Peptides), emulsified in Incomplete Freund’s Adjuvant (IFA) or placebo (IFA) intramuscularly in the deltoid muscle every four weeks. Evaluation will occur every eight weeks by brain MRI scan and patients will also undergo evaluation by neurology examinations at 12, 24, 36, and 48 weeks. Safety will be monitored by routine physical exams that will be performed at 24 and 48 weeks, and lab tests of hematology, chemistry panel and urinalysis will be performed at weeks 4, 12, 24, 36, and 4.

About The Immune Response Corporation

The Immune Response Corporation (OTCBB: IMRP, formerly IMNR) is an immuno-pharmaceutical company focused on developing products to treat autoimmune and infectious diseases. The Company’s lead immune-based therapeutic product candidates are NeuroVax™ for the treatment of MS and REMUNE® and IR103 for the treatment of HIV infection. These therapies are in Phase II clinical development and are designed to stimulate disease pathogen-specific immune responses aimed at slowing or halting the rate of disease progression.

NeuroVax™, REMUNE® and IR103 are in clinical development by The Immune Response Corporation and are not approved by any regulatory agencies in any country at this time. Please visit The Immune Response Corporation at www.imnr.com for additional information.

This news release contains forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are often signaled by forms of words such as should, could, will, might, plan, projection, forecast, expect, guidance, potential and developing. Actual results could vary materially from those expected due to a variety of risk factors, including whether the Company will continue as a going concern and successfully raise proceeds from financing activities sufficient to fund operations and additional clinical trials of NeuroVax™ or IR103, the uncertainty of successful completion of any such clinical trials, the fact that the Company has not succeeded in commercializing any drug, the risk that NeuroVax™ or IR103 might not prove to be effective as either a therapeutic or preventive vaccine, whether future trials will be conducted and whether the results of such trials will coincide with the results of NeuroVax™ or IR103 in preclinical trials and/or earlier clinical trials. A more extensive set of risks is set forth in The Immune Response Corporation's SEC filings including, but not limited to, its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2005, and its subsequent Quarterly Reports filed on Form 10-Q. The Company undertakes no obligation to update the results of these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after today or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.

REMUNE® is a registered trademark of The Immune Response Corporation. NeuroVax™ is a trademark of The Immune Response Corporation.